Dr. Md. Abul Khayer Mian is presenting a Scientific Paper at Weed Science Scoiety of Bangladesh held at Shere-Bangla Agricultural University on 1 January 2011.
Abstract
WEED INFESTATION IN SOME RABI CROPS UNDER AEZ-11
M.A.K. Mian, M.R. Islam, M. J. Alam, M.R. Humauan and B. Akhter Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi, Pabna
A study was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi, Pabna, under AEZ-11, to observe the nature of weed infestation in some rabi crops. Seven crops field viz. lentil. mustard, maize, wheat, foxtail millet, chickpea and coriander were selected for the purpose. Weeds sample was collected randomly from four places from each field using a quadrat (1m × 1m). Samples were separated and counted species wise. After air dry, the sample was oven dried at 800C for 72 hours. Afterwards, dry weight of weed was calculated. Maximum weed population was noticed in lentil (564/m2) field followed by maize (404/m2), mustard (392/m2) and wheat (388/m2) field while lower weed population in coriander (352/m2), foxtail millet (306/m2) and chickpea (165/m2). Weed growth was the highest in lentil (81 g/m2) field followed by mustard (54 g/m2) but the lowest in chickpea (23 g/m2) while other showed the intermediate growth (39-45 g/m2). Among the major infesting weed species, Cyperus rotundus L. was the most dominating one in all crops. Other major infesting weed species were Croton sparsiflorus L, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Per, Physalis hereophylla L. Ischaemum rogosum, Chenopodium album, Brassica kaber L. E. Wheeler. Lentil was severely affected by weed completion as compared to other crops.
About Presentation Remarks and Conclusions
• Cyperus rotundus L. was the most dominating weed species in respect of absolute density and relative density in all studied rabi crops.
• Other major infesting weed species were Croton sparsiflorus L., Physalis heterophylla L., Amaranthus spinosus L. Ischaemum rogosum, Chenopodium album L., Brassica kaber. L.E. Wheeler, Argemone mexicana L. and Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers.,
• Weed population was found the highest in lentil field (564/m2) followed by maize field (404/m2).
• Weed dry matter weight was the maximum in lentil (81g/m2) followed by mustard (54 g/m2).
• Intensity of weed infestation was the highest in maize (75.80) while it was relatively stable and lower in other crops (4.09-5.76).
• Weed control measure should be taken giving more emphasis on controlling Cyperus rotundus L. as it was the most dominating species.
Friday, December 10, 2010
Dr. M.A.K. Mian is presenting a paper at the International Seminar on Climate and Environmental Challenges of 21th Century held at the University of Rajshahi during 7-9 December 2010. The title of the paper was " Phenological development, growth and yield of lentil genotypes under prevailing temperature at varying sowing time". BARI Mosur 3 showed the best yield performance at 25 November sowing. Optimum growing day degree was 1849 for the higest yield.
Recent Research Thrust Addressing Climate Change and how far Agronomists can do?
Dr.Md. Abul Khayer Mian
Agronomy Division, Regional Agricultural Research Station
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Ishurdi 6620, Pabna
Bangladesh
Introduction
Agronomists are working to meet the challenges of food and nutritional security of the country. Now, it is imperative to change traditional agronomic research and new domain of agronomic research is to be addressed as the changing climate. However, they are devoted to develop demand based technology for sustainable crop production. They are trying to provide solutions of the problems at changing climatic conditions. Consequently, recent agronomic research has addressed new domain and succeeded to some extent.
New research domain and success
1.Screening and adaptation of crop varieties/lines and development of sustainable production technology for costal area.
BRRI Dhan 47 is a salinity tolerant rice variety recommended for boro season. It can tolerant salinity level up to 8 dS/m (Abedin, 2010). Mungbean line (BM-1), barley line (BHL-15), soybean (Shohag and BARI Soybean 5) were found moderately salt tolerant (up to 8 dS/m) (Aziz, 2010a). The potato lines, 86-140 (18.33 t/ha) & 88-163 (18.06 t/ha) and the varieties, Heera (18.61 t/ha), Chamok (18.33 t/ha), Multa (18.06 t/ha), Colombus (18.06 t/ha), Sirinda (19.17 t/ha) & TPS-1 (18.61 t/ha) can be grown suitably at costal area (salinity level from 3.31 to 6.14 m mhos/cm from November to March) (Mian et al. 2005). Green manuring, use of organic materials, ridge-bed planting, mulching, deep ploughing etc. are the agronomic options for management of salinity. Gypsum and silicon application can ameliorate salinity stress in rice and other crops (Kader and Islam, 2010). Salt tolerant crops like cowpea, maize, barley, soybean, sweet potato, sweet gourd etc. should be grown at costal area.
2.Screening of different crop genotypes for drought tolerance and development of technology for drought management.
Mungbean line (BMX 90009-6, BMX 01015 and BMX 01007) (Mian et al. 2010a) and wheat line (BAW 923, BAW 923-4, BAW 923/ BAW 824 and BAW 1138) (Aziz, 2010b) showed moderately drought tolerance. Organic matter, green manuring, mulching, dense plant population, weeds as smothering where the growth of weed is minimum, supplemental irrigation from harvested rain (if possible) etc. are to be used for drought management. Drought tolerant crops like maize, barley, sweet potato, sesame, sorghum, millet, pigeon pea, groundnut should be chosen for drought prone areas.
3.Screening of different crop genotypes for heat tolerance and adjustment of sowing/planting time for avoidance heat stress.
Some wheat varieties (BARI Gom 20, BARI Gom 24, BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26) proved to be moderately tolerant to high temperature (Aziz, 2010b ;Mian and Islam, 2010b). BARI Seam 3, BARI Tomato 3, BARI Tomato 4, BARI hybrid Tomato 3, BARI hybrid Tomato 4, BARI Piaz 2 and BARI Piaz 3 were tolerant to high temperature in summer season (Aziz, 2010b). Optimum sowing (10-15 November) of wheat can avoid heat stress during grain filling stage (Mian and Islam, 2010b).
4.Screening of different crop genotypes for excess soil moisture or water logging tolerance and development of management options for excess soil moisture.
Sesame line (BD 6980, BD 6985, BD 6992 and BD 7010) were identified as water logging tolerant at vegetative stage (Saha, 2010). Mungbean genotype (VC 3960-88 and BARI Mung 4) had tolerance ability of flooding at 21 days old seedling (Pervin et al., 2010).
5.Development of charland through adaptation of improved crop varieties and production technologies.
About 0.83 million ha charland are available in the country (Aziz, 2009). BARI Chola 4, BARI Soybean 5, BARI Mung 6, BARI Til 4, BARI Sarisha 11 and BARI Sarisha 14, BARI Hybrid maize 7 and BARI motorshuti 2 performed better at charland (Aziz, 2010b; Mian, 2010c). BARI badam 5 and BARI badam 6 can be grown successfully at charland (Mian 2010c). There remains greater scope for increasing crop production in the country through adaptation of improved crop varieties and technologies at charland.
6.Improvement of cropping system of hilly areas.
After harvest of T.aman rice BARI Sarisha11, BARI Hybrid Maize 5, BARI Chola 5, BARI Mosur 4, Shatabdi, Sourav and Bijoy of wheat, BARI Hybrid Maize 5 + Bushbean and BARI Hybrid Maize 5 + BARI Falon 1intercropping were found suitable for increasing production and cropping intensity in hilly areas (Aziz, 2010c). BARI Mung 5 performed better after harvest of mustard against T.aman –fallow-fallow pattern (Aziz, 2010c). More attention is needed for adoption of improved crop varieties and cropping system at hilly areas.
7.Improvement of cropping system of haor areas.
In coordinated research of CNRS (Centre for Natural Resources study) revealed that two crops could be grown in haor areas. BARI Sarisha 11, BARI Sarisha 14, BARI Gom 22, BARI Gom 23, BARI Gom 24, BAR Motorshuti 2, BARI Mung 5, BARI Mung 6performed better in haor areas (Aziz,2010b). BARI mung 5 and BARI mung 6 would be grown after rabi crops. There remains scope to cultivate broadcast/transplanted deep water rice after harvest of boro rice (Mian 2010d). There needs to improve the cropping system at low lands using Rhyda or other improved deep water rice. More research thrust should be given in improving the cropping intensity and as well as the cropping system of low lands.
8.Adaptation of submerse rice variety at flood prone areas.
Submergence tolerant gene SUB1 is identified and transferred to 5 mega rice varieties i.e. Swarna, samba mahsuri, IR 64, CR 1009 and BR 11. These 5 mega varieties are widely cultivated by the farmers because of their high yield and good grain quality. However, these varieties were susceptible to flash flood and they could not tolerate more than 4 days of submergence. Now, these SUB 1 gene varieties can tolerate submergence 14-17 days (Singh et al., 2010). IR 64 sub1, Sarna sub1 and Samba sub1 showed submergence tolerant in North-western region of Bangladesh (Mridha, 2010). The adaptability test is going at farmers’ field of different location by BRRI.
9.Development of technology for cyclone prone areas.
The maize variety Pacific 11, Pacific 984 and BARI Hybrid maize 5 were found suitable for cultivation in costal cyclone prone area after harvest of T.aman rice (Aziz, 2010a and Mian, 2008). More research is needed for adaptation of improved production technologies at cyclone prone areas.
10.Development of agro-climatological model for crop yield at changing climate.
“Enso effect on rice production in Bangladesh” was studied by Biswas et al. (2010). Regression equation expressed that 1 0C rising at July, August and September SSTA decrease 2.947%, 3.210% and 2.544% yield respectively. New research approach is taken to quantify the effect of climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, day length etc. on crop yield (Mian, 2010). “Effect of temperature and rainfall on summer mungbean”, and “Development of yield model of wheat under late sown irrigated condition” are taken as considering climate change (Mian, 2010e). Research programme on “Effect of temperature on phenological development, growth and yield of lentil” is going on. Agro-climatological model is the tool that can explain the influences of climatological factors on the crop yield and associated performance. The agronomist should give recent research thrust on agro-climatological modeling.
Conclusion
The Agronomists should give research thrust in aforesaid new domain of agronomic research more effectively than at present cope with changing climate. So, they should acquire sufficient knowledge about the relevant field of research for better contribution for the nation. They need capacity building through advanced agronomic research regarding climate change. They should have sufficient physical facility and financial support for need based research for solving the present problems. Our government and relevant authority should have consider the matter very seriously.
References
Aziz A. 2009. Training course on environmental stress tolerant crop production technology development for scientists and NGO officers. Agron. Div. Bangladesh Agril. Res. Ints. Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701.p.1.
Aziz A. 2010a. Salt tolerant mechanisms and development of salt tolerant variety/ technology of different crops for costal area of Bangladesh. . Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 4.
Aziz A. 2010b. Climate change and environmental stress research for sustainable crop production in the problem areas of Bangladesh. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 4-5.
Aziz A. 2010c. Climate change and hill agriculture: Rural livelihood improvement. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 5.
Abedin M Z. 2010. Climate change and impact on agriculture and food security in Bangladesh. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Souvenir. pp.29-36.
Biswas J K, D Dawe, P M V Casal and M S H Bhuiyan. 2010. Enso effects on rice production in Bangladesh. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 40-41.
Kader M A and N Islam. 2010. Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: How far agronomy can go. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 2.
Mian M A K, K U Ahmmad, M H Hossain and M A Hossain. 2005. Screening of potato genotypes for salinity tolerance. Bangldesh J. Bot. 34 (2):129-130.
Mian M A K. 2008. Ph.D. Dissertation. Dept. of Agronomy, BAU Mymensingh. pp. 36-145.
Mian M A K, M R Islam and Aziz A. 2010a. Screening of mungbean genotypes for drought tolerance. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 1
Mian M A K and M R Islam. 2010b. Performance of wheat varieties under late sown condition. Res. Report Agron. Div., Regional Agril. Res. Station, Ishurdi 6620. pp. 1-2.
Mian M A K and M R Islam. 2010c. Adaptation of BARI released crop varieties at charland. Regional Res. Report Agron. Div., Regional Agril. Res. Station, Ishurdi 6620. p. 5.
Mian M A K and M R Islam. 2010e. Development of yield model of wheat under late sown irrigated condition. Res. Programme (2010-2011).Agron. Div. Bangladesh Agril. Res. Institute. Gazipur 1701.
Mridha A J, K M Iftekharuddaula, M A Mazid, M S Zahan and I A Bari. 2010. Submergence tolerance rice varieties and their management options for north-western regional of Bangladesh. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 31.
Pervin T, M R Islam, A Hamid,M M Hoque and J U Uddin. 2010. Soil flooding tolerance in mungbean under field conditions. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 23.
Saha R R, B Ahamed, A Aziz and M A Hossain. 2010. Screening of sesame genotypes to water logging tolerance. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 4.
Singh U S, M A Bari, H D Monzoor, A Ismail and D J Mackill. Adaptation to climate change: Flood tolerance rice for enhancing and stabilizing rice productivity in south Asia. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010. Abstracts. p. 44.
Possibility of improving cropping intensity at low lands
Dr. Md. Abul Khayer Mian Agronomy Division, Regional Agricultural Research Station Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Ishurdi 6620, Pabna, Bangladesh
At present the cropping intensity of the country is about 176% (BBS, 2008). Horizontal increasing of production is not possible due to limited cultivable land area of the country. Now, it is imperative to go with the vertical increasing of production. This is possible only by increasing cropping intensity. Multiple cropping is the way to increasing cropping intensity. Agronomist/Agronomic research can play key role for improving the cropping intensity of the country. Bangladesh occupies 2791228 ha low lands (25.29%) including medium low land and very low land (BBS, 2008). Improvement of cropping intensity at low land is very hard task. Farmers grow there only boro rice. After the harvest of boro rice the land remains fallow. Research findings indicates that short durated mustard varieties (BARI sarisha 9 and BARI sarisha 14) can be grown successfully at medium low lands before boro rice. But in the low lands and some of very low lands, farmers grow there only boro rice. But recently, the farmers practice to grow broadcast aman rice after harvesting of boro rice at low lands in Faridpur and some other parts of the country (Practical experienced of the author). Rhyda (local deepwater rice) can be grown with boro rice in mixture. After the harvest of boro rice, rhyda gets opportunity to full growth and heavy tillering, ultimately covers the field. Deep water rice is photosensitive and yielded about 2.25-3.0 t/ha (www.banglapedia.org.httpdocs/HT/D_00096.HTM) There remains scope for rice breeder to develop high yielding variety of deep water rice. Deep water rice can also be grown with aus rice as intercropping. After harvest of aus rice deep water rice covers the field by good growth and tillering. In coordinated research of CNRS (Centre for natural resource study) revealed that two crops could be grown in haor areas. BARI Sarisha 11, BARI Sarisha 14, BARI Gom 22, BARI Gom 23, BARI Gom 24, BAR Motorshuti 2, BARI Mung 5, BARI Mung 6 performed better in haor areas (Aziz, 2010). BARI mung 5 and BARI mung 6 can be grown after harvest of rabi crops in Syllet haor area. More research thrust should be given for increasing cropping intensity and cropping system at low land.
References
1. BBS, 2008. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. PP. 11-122. 2. Aziz A. 2010. Climate change and environmental stress research for sustainable crop
production in the problem areas of Bangladesh. Inter. Confer. Bangladesh Soci. Agron. 2010.
ABSTRACT Four experiments were carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Jessore in two consecutive years of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 to evaluate the agro-economic performance of several maize oriented cropping patterns under different nutrient management. Maize-Mungbean (green manurng, GM)-T.aman rice was found to be the best cropping pattern under high nutrient level of 266-46-132-28-2.10-0.60 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn-B for maize and 100-13-43-6.0-0.70 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn for rice and moderate nutrient level of 186-34-95-20-1.60-0.60 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn-B for maize and 74-11-33-4.5-0.40 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn for rice showing better growth behaviour, yield performance, productivity, land use efficiency, production efficiency and profitability as compared to the existing cropping pattern of Wheat-Fallow-T.aman rice. This pattern rendered 89% higher maize equivalent yield (MEY) than the existing pattern. Furthermore, Maize-Dhaincha (GM)-T.aman rice and Maize-Soybean (GM)-T.aman rice proved to be better cropping patterns in respect of the aforesaid parameters under high and moderate nutrient levels. Maize-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice, Maize-Dhaincha (GM)-T.aman rice and Maize-soybean (GM)-T.aman rice patterns produced higher grain yield of maize (9.91-10.39 t ha-1 ) and rice (5.22-5.90 t ha-1) in high nutrient level due to improvement of yield components. Inclusion of mungbean (GM i.e. brown manuring) in the sequence provided an extra remuneration with seed yield of 530-1056 kg ha-1. Maize+ Sweet potato, Maize+ Soybean and Maize+ Cowpea were found to be suitable intercropping representing higher productivity (10.92-11.99 t ha-1 of MEY) and monetary advantage in high and moderate nutrient levels. Maize showed better yield performance (9.07-10.34 t ha-1) in intercropping with legumes (soybean, blackgram and cowpea). Maize+ Sweet potato-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice, Maize+ Soybean-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice and Maize+ Sweet potato-Dhaincha (GM)-T.aman rice under high nutrient level and Maize+ Sweet potato-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice under moderate nutrient level emerged as further improvement of Maize-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice cropping pattern. There existed better relationship of grain yields with growth parameters and yield components of maize and rice in maize oriented cropping patterns and intercropping under different nutrient levels. Dry matter partitioning into reproductive organ at later growth stages was higher in higher nutrient levels contributing to increased grain yield of maize and rice. Grain yield as well as system yield response to nutrients applied in maize and rice were significant representing variable coefficient of determination. Contributions from GM in the sequence and incorporation of legume residues from intercropping towards nutrient balance in the soil were found to be positive. Balance of P and S was more favourable than that of N, K and Zn in the soil. Inclusion of GM or incorporation of legume residues in the system improved organic matter content of the soil. Nutrient returned to soil from GM or legume residues was correlated with the nutrient balance in soil indicating improvement of soil health. Among the GM crops, mungbean ranked first in respect of nutrient concentration in plant tissue and nutrients returned to soil. It is concluded that Maize-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice or Maize+ Intercrops (sweet potato or soybean)-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice cropping patterns would be more productive and profitable technology for future crop production in Bangladesh.
BTV personells have visited the RARS of BARI and made Videos on research activities of the station on 23.10.2010. They discussed with the scientists and CSO (head of the station) gave briefing through multimeda presentation. Then they videoded the Plant Pathology Laboratory and ICT room and activities. Afterwards they went to the research field. They videoded the Blackgram filed and Papaya field incliding other research activities of the station. Major activities and success of RARS is suppled to them in printed form. Breeding division developed heat tolerant wheat varieties named BARI Goam 25 and BARI Goam 26. Horticulture division developed BARI Potol 1, BARI Potol 2 and BARI Batabilau 1. Agronomy division found MBX 90009-6, BMX 01007 and BMX 01015 lines for drought tolerance. Mukhekachu+Mungbean and Pionted gourd +red Amarenth/Spinach+Ginger/turmaric intercropping are profitable technologies. They also worked on charland development. BARI mosur 6, BARI Sarisha 11 and BARI Sarisha 14 are suitable for growing at the charland. Soil Science division developed nutrient management packages for sustainable production in Wheat-Mungbean-T.aman rice and Mustard-Mungbean-T.aman rice. Entomology and Plant Pathology divisions wroked on pest management. PGRC collects, characterizes and conserves genetic resources.
Dr. M.A.K Mianis with his collegues ofBARI in a papaya field. Papaya is a very good friut. It also can be used as vegetable. It contains Vitamin A in rippening condition. It contains Pepsin enzyme which is very important for human digestion. Papaya is used as liver tonic. It is usefull to remove constipation of man. It is a proverb that take a papaya everday and keeps the doctors away. A papaya plant can bears about 10-20 papaya or more in a seasons or year. A farmer can get Tk. 600.00/(20x30=600.00) per plant in annum easily. Two-three plants of a famer house can fullfil the demands of the family. Moreober, he can sell some portion and can earns money. There needs no more management in papaya. Fafmers can grow 4-5 plants easily at the sourrounding of the house. Boron deficiency sometimes desafed the fruits and leaves and also the stem. So the farmers should add 1-2 g boric acid per adult plant. The news will be broadcast through BTV channel of National Assembly at off time.
Dr. Md. Abul Khayer Mian is presenting a Scientific Paper at Weed Science Scoiety of Bangladesh held at Shere-Bangla Agricultural University on 1 January 2011.
