Causes of Litchi Cracking in Ishurdi Region of Bangladesh
Dr. Md. Abul Khayer Mian
SSO, RARS (BARI), Ishudi
Pabna, Bangladesh
Litchi is a delicious fruit in Bangladesh. It plays a vital role in the economy of litchi growers. But litchi cracking is a curse to the litchi growers. Recently it is a severe problem for litchi growers. Attempt was made to identify the causes of litchi cracking at Ishurdi region. The observation was made on the litchi orchard of Abu Taher, Gangmatal, Solimpur Union of Ishurdi, Pabna. The causes of litchi cracking was preliminary identified as the imbalance application of Fungicides and Hormone. The farmer, Abu Taher sprayed Companion (Fungicides) and Letosen (Sodium- P- Nitrophenol, Sodium- 2,4-Dinitrophenol, Sodium-O-Nitrophenol, Sodium -5- Nitroguaiaco) and XL (Commercial name) as hormone in alternate day. The back end of litchi turned black and compact due to deposition of those spayed chemicals. The cell of skin (pericarp) caused death but internal growth continued. As a result the skis (pericarp) of litchi cracked. Un-sprayed plant bears healthy good fruit without cracking. Same incident occurred in another litchi grower’s orchard. Litchi cracking may also may caused by high temperature or by high temperature then sudden rains.
Post Harvest Operations and Non Chemical Preservation of Mango
Dr. Md. Abul Khayer Mian
SSO, RARS (BARI) Ishudi 6620,
Pabna, Bangladesh
Mango is a popular and tasteful fruit in Bangladesh. It is called the king of fruit. Mango grows in all districts of Bangladesh but superior quality grows in Rajshahi, Chapinababgonj and Thakurgonj regions. Mango cultivation is also spread in hilly districts. BARI aum 3 widely spread in the hilly areas through Directorate of Agricultural Extension (DAE). Mango rotten is a serious problem for preservation and maintaining it’s quality and market value. Mango is rotten if it is not operated and preserved properly after harvesting. Rotten mango is damaged and then it has no market and food value. This causes financial loss to the mango growers. So, it is important to preserve the mango properly for checking it’s rotten after harvesting. Mango is rotten through infection of some fungi. Diplodia natalensis, Coletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and Pseudomonas mangariferae are the major fungal agent for rotting of mango. Some bacteria like Bacterium carotovorus also caused mango rotten. Commercially systemic fungicides are used for mango preservation but it is harmful to human health. Mango can be preserved easily without application of fungicides. Hence, the following procedures should be followed:
1. Mango should be harvested by hand picking or by Thushi (ring with net). This will check the mango from injury or damage when falling from the tree. Injured mango can be easily infected by the fungi or bacteria. So, precautions should be taken for having the healthy mango.
2. Mango should be put at stretch keeping the mango stalk send to the ground. At this circumstances juice from mango stalk end falls to the ground saving the skin of mango. This juice helps to easy infection of mango skin by the fungi.
3. Mango should not be harvested at rains because moisture helps to easy infection of mango.
4. Rotten, inquired, damaged and infected mangoes should be separated after harvesting. One rotten or infected mango can easily infect the more adjacent mangoes.
5. Harvested mango should be kept under slightly hot water (52 0C) for ten minutes and washed well. Then the mango should be air dried. OR
The mango should be kept under soap (detergent powder) water (@50-60g/10 liter water) and then washed well. After air drying it can be preserved easily for 7-10 days.
6. Rotten mango should be picked up and removed from the heap in every day. This will check the spread of infection and rotten of mango.
7. Mango should be packaged with softy hays and loose conditions for carrying. If it is in very compact condition the mango will be hurt and injured.
In this way mango can be preserved easily without application of fungicides. This preservation process is hygienic and mango can be saved from totting. The mango growers can be saved from losing of mango rotten. The technique is easy but it needed to spread to all man growers.
Dr. Md. Abul khayer Mian is taking a Certificate after successful presenting of Seminar on "Performance of maize oriented cropping patterns under different nutrient management" on 4 May 2011 at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Intitute, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701. This is a part of his Ph.D. research work. He acknowledges to his Supervisor Dr. A. M. Ashraful Kamal, Professor of Agronomy of BAU and then Prime minster, Govt. of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh for providing fund forPh.D. research work. The Thesis is available at Library of BAU, Dept. of Agronomy, Library of BARI and Office of the Prime minister of Govt. of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The Theis Abstract is available inhttp://makhayermian.blogspot.com
The view is at boro rice field of Tangail on 7 April 2011 (MAK Mian).
Field visits experienced that possibility of bumper production of boro rice in this year 2011. Good crop growth due to favorable weather condition and reasonable cost of fertilizer have the possibility of bumper production of boro rice in this year. The districts of Faridpur, Madaripur, Gopalgonj, Rajbari, Jessore, Naril, Khustia, Pabna, Natore, Manikgonj, Tangail, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Kesoregonj, Norshindi, Brammonbaria, Comilla, Chittagong and hilly districts showed better performance of crop. It the weather is favouarable for the nex few days, there remains posibility of bumper production of boro rice.
Dr. Md. Abul Khayer Mian is presenting a seminar on "Recent Research Thrust Addressing Climate Change and How far Agronomists can do?" at Seminar Room of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701, on 6 April 2011. He has acquired some research experience on crop production under stress enviornment specially drought, agroclimates and charlands. He has published the article entitled the same of seminar in this blogs:http://www.makhayermian.blogspot.com
Near research field some wheat plants of border area showed yellowing symptom. Dr. Mian visited and observed the crop condition. He identified that continuous excess moisture in the root zone for long duration in early growth stage affected the crop and caused yellowing. This was happened near the crop of irrigation channel. The leaching water resulted in excesses moisture in the root zone of wheat. The root respiration is hampered due to excess moisture.
Dr. Md. Abul Khayer Mian Dated: 3 February 2011. Location: Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi 6620. Bangladesh.
Developed method/Technology (As component technology)
1.
Weed control at critical period of weed competition in groundnut:
One hand weeding at 20-40 DAE increased 165% yield of groundnut in early kharif season.
2.
Weed control and nitrogen application in mustard:
one hand weeding at 20-35 DAE)and nitrogen @120 kg/ha produced 78% higher yield (2150 kg/ha) over controlin mustard at Ishurdi region.
3.
Tobacco and lentil intercropping:
Tobacco paired row + 50 lentil intercropping system gave the highest monetary advantage (Tk.20804/ha) and BCR of 6.08 at Ishurdi area.
4.
Tobacco and chickpea intercropping:
Paired row tobacco + 4 row chickpea intercropping gave 53% average yield advantage over sole cropping with BCR of 8.98.
5.
Suitable ploughing and use of BARI- plough for weed control in mustard:
Four ploughing by BARI plough is more suitable for weed control than by country plough for better yield in mustard with higher BCR of 1.95.
6.
Suitable intercropping combination of fodder maize and mukhi-kachu:
One row fodder (harvested at 45 DAE) maize (50 cm x 25 cm) after two row muhki- kachu (50 cm x 25 cm) and one row fodder (harvested at 45 DAE) maize (50 cm x 25 cm) after three row mukhi-kachu (50 cm x 25 cm) are two profitable combinations with same BCR of 2.6.
7.
Suitable nitrogen and irrigation doses for barly:
Nitrogen (80 kg/ha) and irrigation (one at CRI stage) of barley produced 117% higher yield at Ishurdi region.
8.
Fertilizer management in mustard-chickpea intercropping system:
Tow row mustard after two row chickpea (50 mustard : 50 chickpea) with 20-15-10 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O gave the highest BCR of 4.1.
9.
Fertilizer management in chickpea-linseedintercropping system:
Two row chickpea after one row linseed (67 chickpea: 33 linseed) with 20-40-20 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O is suitable intercropping system at Jessore region.
10.
Fertilizer management in wheat- chickpea intercropping system:
Two row wheat after one row chickpea (67 wheat: 33 chickpea) with 30-25-15 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O was more profitable intercropping system with BCR of 2.97 at Jessore region.
11.
Seeding ratio oflentil-linseed mixedcropping system:
Lentil 100% and linseed 33% is the best combination ratio forlentil-linseed mixedcropping system.
12.
Optimum sowing time of sesame:
Sowing between 01-15 March is the optimum for the sesame variety T6 and Jamalpur.
13.
Suitable Nitrogen dose and its time of application for hybrid maize:
Nitrogen @ 250 kg/ha when applied 1/3 N as basal + 1/3 N at 45 DAE + 1/3 N at 85 DAE is more suitable for composite maize at Jessore region.
14.
Suitable management practices composite maize:
Nutrients @160-80-60-40-5 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O-S-Zn + three irrigation at 30, 60, & 90 DAE are more suitable for composite maize at Jessore region.
15.
Mechanical and chemical weed control in mustard:
Mechanical weeding by BARI-weeder in row (30cm) sowing and by pre-emergence weedicide application (Ronstar @ 30 ml/10 L water)are two economic weed control methods in mustard with BCR of2.12 and 2.20 respectively.
Normal row of maize + 2 soybean or paired row of maize + 4 row soybeanwith 150-60-60-10-5 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O-S-Zn are profitable for Jessore region.
17.
Suitable chickpea variety for intercropping with mustard:
BARI Chola-5 is more suitable variety than others forintercropping with mustard (two rows chickpea alternate with two rows of mustard i.e. seeding ratio of 50 chickpea: 50 mustard).
18.
Optimum plant spacing for maize cultivation:
Plant spacing at 60 cm x 25 cm for one plant/hill or at60 cm x 50 cm for two plant/hill is more suitable for higher yield of maize.
19.
Superior weed control methods in ground at Jessore region:
i) Two hand weeding at 25 and 50 DAE.
ii) Pre emergence weedicide (Ronstar @ 30 ml/10 L water) + one hand weeding at 25 DAE.
iii) Pre emergence weedicide (Ronstar @ 30 ml/10 L water) + two
hand weeding at 25 & 50 DAE.
20.
Suitable varieties of hybrid maize for intercropping with soybean:
Pacific-11 and Pacific-60 are two suitable varieties of hybrid maize for intercropping with soybean.
21.
Chemical weed control in groundnut:
Weedicide ‘Ronstar’ as pre emergence& post emergence; Diamine’ as pre emergence and ‘gramoxone’ as pre emergence & post emergence were found more suitable for chemical weed control in ground.
22.
Integrated weed management in groundnut:
Two hand weeding at 25& 50 DAE; Pre emergence “Ronstar” + one hand weeding at 25 DAE and Pre emergence “Ronstar” + Two hand weeding at 25& 50 DAE were found superior weed control methods in groundnut.
23.
Cultural management for hybrid maize:
Nutrients @ 200-80-80-30-5 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O-S-Zn + 3 irrigation at 30 60 & 90 DAE + 2 hand weeding at 25 & 50 DAE along with application of ‘Dimecron’ 60 EC @ 2 ml/1L water (spray) were found more suitable for economic cultivation of hybrid maize varieties (Pacific-11, Pacific-60and BARI hybrid maize-1).
24.
Nitrogen and spacing for sweet corn:
Nitrogen 160 kg/ha (at Basal and at35 & 60DAE)with row spacing of 75 x 25 cm is suitable for growing sweet corn at Jessore region.
25.
Seed rate and higher biomass for green manuring of dhaincha and succeeding effect:
Seed rate of 40-50 kg/ha is more suitable for higher biomass production indicating positive effect on T. aman but not wheat.
26.
Weed control in maize in early kharif season:
Two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAE or pre-emergence application of U-46 is the suitable weed control method for maize.
27.
Suitable potato varieties for coastal area:
Heera, Chamok, Multa, Colombus, Srinda and TPS-1 are suitable potato varieties for coastal area producing yield over 18 t/ha.
28.
Suitable nitrogen dose and spacing for mungbean (BARI mung-5):
Nitrogen 40 kg/ha at 25cm x 12cm spacing is suitable for BARI mung-5 for better growth and higher yield.
29.
Fertilization in hybrid maize-mungbean-T.aman cropping pattern:
High productivity: 350-180-180-45 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O-S for maize
30-30-30 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O for mungbean
150-90-60-15 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O-S for T.aman
Economic dose: 200-90-90-22 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O-S for maize
15-15-15 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O for mungbean
75-45-30-8 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O-S for T.aman
30.
Maize-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman riceand Maize+Intercrops (sweet potato or soybean)-Mungbean (GM)-T.aman rice under high nutrient level (266-46-132-28-2.10-0.60 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn-B for maize and 100-13-43-6.0-0.70 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn for rice ) are highly productive and profitable cropping patterns.
31.
Maize-Dhaincha (GM)-T.aman rice and Maize-Soybean (GM)-T.aman rice under high nutrient level (266-46-132-28-2.10-0.60 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn-B for maize and 100-13-43-6.0-0.70 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn for rice) are also desirable cropping patterns in respect of productivity, economic performance and improvement of soil health.
34.
Maize+ Sweet potato, Maize+ Soybean and Maize+ Cowpea under high nutrient level (266-46-132-28-2.10-0.60 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn-B) are recommended as suitable intercropping systems for higher productivity and profitability.
35.
Planting space and nutrient level for sweet potato:Planting space of 45cm×15cmand 45 cm×30 cm with nutrient levels of 100-50-125-15-1.5-1.0 kg/ha of N-P-K-S-Zn-B and 75-40-100-11-1.0-0.5 kg/ha of N-P-K-S-Zn-Bgave superior performance in respect of yield and economics.
36.
Intercropping mungbean with mukhikachu:Mukhikachu (double row- 20cm/55cm/20×45cm) + mungbean broadcast (100%) gave superior performance in respect of LER (2.15), equivalent yield and profitability (gross return Tk.168505.00/ha and gross margin of Tk. 85184.00/ha).
37.
Suitable intercropping of vegetables and spices with pointed gourd:Pointed
gourd+ 1 time bush bushbean+ginger (50%), pointed gourd+ 2 times spinach+ginger
(50%) and pointed gourd+ 2 times lalshak+ginger (50%) are more productive and
profitable in respect of pointed gourd equivalent yield (PEY) (109.74 to116.05 t/ha),
relative yield(2.29-2.42), gross return (Tk. 1316880.00-1392620.00/ha) and gross
margin (Tk.722984.00-794694.00/ha) with BCR of 2.22-2.32.
38.
Irrigation and phosphorus requirement for sesame in early kharif season:
Irrigation at 15 and 30 DAE with 60kg/ha of P is suitable for higher yield of
sesame at Ishurdi region.
39.
Requirement of irrigation and sulphur for garlic under zero tillage mulched
condition:Irrigation at 25+30 DAE or irrigation at 25+50+75 DAE with 30 kg/ha
of S are suitable for higher bulb yield of garlic at Ishurdi region.
40.
Requirement of irrigation and sulphur for garlic under zero tillage mulched
condition:Irrigation at 25+30 DAE or irrigation at 25+50+75 DAE with 30 kg/ha
of S are suitable for higher bulb yield of garlic at Ishurdi region.
41.
Intercropping of sesame with mukhikachu: Mukhikachu (double row-20cm/55cm/ 20 × 45cm) +two row sesame (60%) is suitable intercropping showing better in performance in respect of gross return (Tk.195960.00/ha), gross margin (Tk.143970.00/ha), and benefit cost ratio (3.76).
42.
Intercropping mungbean with mukhikachu:Mukhikachu (double row-20cm/55cm/20×45cm) + mungbean broadcast (100%) gave superior performance in respect of LER (1.83), equivalent yield (14.74 t/ha ofmukhikacu equivalent yield) and profitability (Gross margin of Tk.124730.00/ha and BCR of 3.38).
43.
Intercropping different vegetables and spices with pointed gourd:Pointed gourd+ 2 times spinach + 2 rows ginger is more productive and profitable technology giving the highest pointed gourd equivalent yield (116.26 t/ha) with LER (2.61), gross return (Tk. 1395120.00/ha), gross margin (Tk.870009.00/ha) and BCR (2.65).
